Russia and African countries: classification of bilateral relations
be held on July 27-28 in Saint-Petersburg and will be noticeably different from the first similar event held in Sochi in 2019.
The last forum was held on the background of a neutral-positive agenda. The very fact of the significant representation of African delegations, the image effect of the World Football Championship in Russia, the absence of fundamental contradictions and the relatively neutral attitude of the USA, the European Union, and China to the attempts of Russian penetration into Africa – all this became a symbol of the revival of Russia’s interest in cooperation with the countries of the continent, and Inside the Russian Federation, it was interpreted as a “return” to Africa, as an element of continuity with the foreign policy of the Soviet Union.
The public promotion of the 2023 summit is not much different from the events of 4 years ago. A deviation from the accent on the topic of targeting rapprochement with Africa allows avoiding discussions about the effectiveness of interactions with specific countries. At the same time, there are a number of obvious changes that will be important when preparing the forum and evaluating its results.
Among them, the following can be highlighted:
- The significant increase in the importance of Russia in the world agenda due to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and, as a result, the effect of polarization of the attitude towards its actions, observed both in Africa and in the world as a whole.
- The rise of international influence on African countries.
- The increasing influence of the Russian factor on the social and economic situation in African countries due to the last year’s crisis associated with the growth of food, fertilizer and energy prices – which in some cases caused the exacerbation of political conflicts.
- Interest of individual African states in promoting peace initiatives.
- Competition in the use of anti-colonial rhetoric, which is used today by both Russian and Ukrainian authorities, who have also intensified their contacts with African countries in recent months.
- Uncertainty around the activities of ХВК “Вагнер” outside the Russian Federation after the events of February 24. In the conditions of non-transparency of the role of the Central Committee as one of the drivers of the Russian policy in the countries of Africa, there is a collision around the effectiveness of other stakeholders’ interaction with African countries.
Taking into account the aforementioned polarization in Africa and the greater measure of bilateral relations compared to multilateral formats, it is the relations of the Russian Federation with specific African countries that cause the greatest interest in the context of the summit. Although many of the significant bilateral issues are unlikely to be in the center of attention of the “Russia-Africa 2023” forum, the representativeness of the delegations, the atmosphere of communication, the inventory of mutual disagreements and expectations can serve as a trigger for changes in Russia’s relations with some of the forum’s participants. And the experts’ attention to the peculiarities of bilateral relations will allow to saturate the interpretation of the results of the forum with more substantive content.
In this connection, on the basis of public information, votes in the United Nations Organization, contacts of each country with Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, China, Ukraine, public statements of the leaders of the countries, and other economic and political aspects, which are important background, were analyzed. The following typology of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and African countries is offered :
| Category | Short description | Countries |
| Public allies of the Russian Federation | Совершают underlined public gestures in the direction of the Russian Federation | Algeria, Zimbabwe, Mali, ЦАР, Eritrea |
| Russia’s cautious allies | They demonstrate closeness of positions with the Russian Federation on key issues, but are prone to risk diversification – including when voting in the UN | Буркина-FASO, Бурунди, Гуниея, Республика Конго, Судан, Уганда, ЮАР |
| Недоопредлившиесь | Prone to fluctuations – including against the background of contradictions between historical experience and the current situation, in some cases they represent the arena of competition between the diplomats of Moscow and Kiev | Angola, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Egypt, Cameroon, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Ethiopia, South Sudan |
| Подчеркнуто нетуральные | Not only do they declare neutrality in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, but they consistently adhere to it | Namibia, Tanzania, Togo, Eswatini |
| Countries with the potential to drift away from the Russian Federation | On the international arena (including during UNO voting), they criticize the Russian Federation, which is not always supported by real steps to distance themselves. | Benin, Botswana, Gambia, Djibouti, DRK, Zambia, Cape Verde, Comoros, Lesotho, Libya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Chad |
| Maximum distance from the Russian Federation | They unequivocally avoid actions that can be interpreted in favor of the Russian Federation | Ghana, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi |
Detailed information about the features of the bilateral relations of the Russian Federation with the countries of Africa is presented below.
- Public allies of the Russian Federation
| Algeria
Индекс голосований в ООН +1[1]
113 place in “Democratic Index” № 91 on the Index of Human Development (ИЧР)
Average income – 302 dollars/ month
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии D. Patrushev |
In October 2019, during the “Russia-Africa” summit, a meeting was held with V. Putin and i.o. President A. Bensalahom . In April 2022 and January 2023, V. Putin’s telephone conversations with President A. Tebbun . In June 2023, A. Tebbun was received by V. Putin in Moscow and participated in the Petersburg Economic Forum, where he made complimentary statements to V. Putin . In May 2022, S. Lavrov was received by A. Bensalah during his visit to Algeria, and in September 2022, the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the two countries met in New York. In November 2022, Algeria announced plans to join BRICS. In February 2023, N. Patrushev visited Algeria . In March 2023, the visit of V. Matvienko took place . Points of contact in relations between countries: export and import of food (large volumes of supplies of Russian wheat), Algeria is among the top ten African countries in terms of the number of students studying in the Russian Federation, and also among the fourth African countries where Russian trade representatives operate. Algeria is considered one of the largest buyers of Russian weapons . In January 2021, the first of the African countries registered the vaccine “Sputnik V “. In the behavior of Algeria on the international arena, there is concern regarding the growing rapprochement of the West with Morocco.
It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil and gas prices will put the country in a winning position. In Europe, the countries appeared as competitors in the natural gas market, in 2022, Italy declared its interest in the supply of Algerian gas for Russian compensation. At the same time, earlier investments of “Gazprom” allowed Algeria to increase the volume of gas production. The embassy of Ukraine works in the country. In March 2022, the visit of the US Secretary of State E. Blinken , in July 2022 – the visit of the French President E. Macron . Приходится соотносить совый стратегию с действоми Италия, оченьсяющей групные газа в Альгира. During the visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany, A. Berbok expressed a wish that Algeria call Russia an aggressor. Algiers shunned formulirovat svoe attitude к российско-украинском конфликту, а при при голосования в ООН шневно голосования в подробнее РФ |
| Zimbabwe
Индекс голосований в ООН +2
132 place in “Democratic Index” № 146 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии A. Kozlov |
President E. Mnangagwa participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. Zimbabwe is among the top ten countries in the number of students studying in the Russian Federation. In March 2021, it became the 10th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. The press reported on the contacts of the authorities with the ЧВК “Вагнер”, the participation of Russia in the training of military personnel. Подробнее tradition of historically benevolent relations with USSR times. In June 2022, the visit of V. Matvienko took place .
The Russian-Ukrainian conflict exacerbated the difficult economic situation in the country. Inflation returned to indicators up to 280% in the year. More than half of fertilizers are imported from Russia and Belarus. Dependence on supplies of wheat from Russia and Ukraine is up to 65%. In May 2023, the president of Zimbabwe reported the receipt of Russian helicopters, which are planned to be used for airspace patrolling, rescue operations, medical aviation and the service of tourist centers. However, representatives of the opposition criticized this step, calling for an investigation of the operation, drawing attention to the difficulty of obtaining spare parts for the Canadian helicopters installed in the Russian Federation and Zimbabwe. In the initial reaction to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Zimbabwe oriented itself towards the position of China |
| Mali
Индекс голосований в ООН +2
119th place in “Democratic Index” № 186 по ИЧР
|
President I. Keita took part in the Russia-Africa 2019 summit. After his overthrow in 2020, contacts were extended. Telephone conversations between President A. Goyta and V. Putin took place in August and October 2022, June 2023. Delivery of Russian food, fertilizers, fuel, fight against terrorism, free transfer of Russian fertilizers blocked in European ports to countries in need. In March 2021, it became the 17th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. Известно об участии РФ в обучнии монетслужащих Мали. In 2021, after the declarations of France about the intention to withdraw the peacekeeping mission, it was reported that the government of Mali was appealing for support to the “Wagner” CHV. In April 2022, the Ministry of the Russian Federation announced support for Mali’s efforts to investigate French abuses and mass murders.
The foreign ministers of the two countries met in May 2022 in Moscow and in September 2022 in New York. During his visit to Mali in February 2023, S. Lavrov was received by A. Goytoy . It was expected that the assistance of the Russian Federation would allow the government of Mali to activate military operations in the north of the country. The starting reaction to the conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine was estimated as partially pro-Russian. |
| Central African Republic
Индекс голосований в ООН +2
164th place in “Index of Democracy” № 188 по ИЧР |
At the summit “Russia – Africa 2019”, President A. Tuadera was received by V. Putin . Their telephone talks took place in November 2021 and November 2022. In October 2022, a meeting of the foreign ministers of the two countries took place in New York. In June 2022, negotiations between S. Lavrov and Prime Minister F. Molua took place in St. Petersburg . Areas of interaction – economy (including ТЕК), humanitarian cooperation, creation of mobile hospitals, joint projects, modernization of the army and police of ЦАР, supply of weapons, training of personnel, fight against Covid. Russia engaged in the training of servicemen from ЦАР. It was reported about the presence of the ЧВК “Вагнер” in ЦАР since 2018 and the attractiveness of ЦАР for foreign players thanks to the availability of diamond, gold, and uranium reserves . Rwanda is another significant partner of the CA authorities.
The starting reaction to the conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine was estimated as partially pro-Russian. However, instability within the country reduces the importance of its position on the international arena. In addition, there are no deep historical ties between the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation. |
| Eritrea
Индекс голосований в ООН +5
152 place in “Democratic Index” № 176 по ИЧР
|
Eritrea was represented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs at the Russia-Africa 2019 summit.
In May 2023, during the negotiations in Moscow, President I. Afevorka and V. Putin discussed the education of students, the new world order, and the fight against the unipolar world. In January 2023, S. Lavrov visited Eritrea (he was welcomed by the president), it was reported about negotiations on strengthening ties in energy, mining, information technology, education, health care. The meetings of the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were held in April 2022 in Moscow, September 2022 in New York, March 2023 in Sochi. Until 2022, the share of Russia and Ukraine in the supply of wheat exceeded 70%. At the start of the reaction to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Eritrea oriented itself to the position of China. In June 2023, the President of Eritrea declared that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is a war declared by NATO and waged by Washington against Moscow for the past 30 years. It is noteworthy that in the 90s of the 20th century, friendly relations were established between Eritrea and the United States. In Washington, Eritrea saw a platform for security in Ethiopia, Sudan, Djibouti, and Yemen. However, the situation changed after the border war with Ethiopia in 1998 and the internal coup attempt with repression against many officials. Descalation under Trump was replaced by the new introduction of sanctions under Biden. Despite the absence of economic ties, there was a more pronounced reorientation of Eritrea to Moscow. |
- Russia’s wary allies
| Burkina Faso
Index of votes in UN: 0
127th place in “Democratic Index” № 184 по ИЧР
Average income – 159 dollars/month. |
President R. Kabore took part in the summit “Russia – Africa 2019” (without a separate meeting with V. Putin ), and also invited V. Putin to take part in the meeting in Ouagadougou G 5 zones of the African Sahel (Burkina-Faso, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad). However, in January 2022, Kabore was overthrown in a coup. In September 2022, S. Lavrov met in New York with the president of the transition period, Paul-Henri Sandao Damiboy in New York. In turn, in September 2022, a new revolution took place, as a result of which I.Traore came to power , the government controls about 60% of the country’s territory. E. Prigozhin sent a greeting to Traore , reported demonstrations on the streets of the capital with Russian flags. In December 2022, the authorities of Ghana announced that after the coup d’etat, the authorities of Burkina Faso offered the “Wagner” CHV a contract for the extraction of useful minerals. In addition, Burkina Faso is a major buyer of Russian weapons. In February 2023, the government of Burkina Faso broke the agreement with France and demanded the withdrawal of French troops. In May 2023, I.Traore called Russia a key strategic ally, although he denied reports of Russia’s assistance in combating armed Islamist groups. During his visit to Mali, S. Lavrov named Guinea, Burkina Faso and Chad as countries where the Russian Federation is ready to provide assistance in counter-terrorist measures.
The Embassy of the Russian Federation is absent in the country |
| Burundi
Индекс голосований в ООН +1
148th place in “Democratic Index” № 187 по ИЧР
Average income – 115 dollars/month. |
At the forum “Russia – Africa 2019”, the country was represented by the vice-president (without a separate meeting with V. Putin ). Among those possible joint interests were the possible participation of the Russian Federation in the construction of the nuclear power plant, as well as the supply and primary processing of coffee in Crimea .
In May 2023, the visit of S. Lavrov took place (he was received by the president E. Ndayishimie ). In March 2023, a meeting of foreign ministers of two countries took place (the first visit of a high-ranking Russian official in 60 years). The participation of the President of Burundi in the “Russia-Africa 2023” summit was announced. Officially, Burundi emphasizes its neutrality in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. |
| Guinea
Index of votes in UN: 0
145th place in “Democratic Index” № 182 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии A. Kozlov |
Meetings of V. Putin with President A. Conde took place in 2016-2019 on a regular basis, including within the framework of the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. Foreign trade, deliveries from the Russian Federation of products of the chemical industry, machines, equipment, vehicles, agricultural foodstuffs were discussed, the ownership of “Rusalom” by several bauxite -alumina complexes with mines, factories, warehouses and supporting infrastructure: a port, a railway, and also the presence of “Северстали” market, ОМЗ, “Силовых машин” and ” Русгидро ” interest in energy, борба с EBOLA virus. A. Konde was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship. In January 2021, Guinea became the second among African countries to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. Сообщалос о possible interest in the country of ЧВК “Вагнер”. Указывалос на историки беложелательные онлайн с РФ In some publications, it was mentioned the interest of ХВК “Вагнер” in creating a joint confederation of African states with the participation of Burkina Faso, Chad, Eritrea, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Sudan . During his visit to Mali, S. Lavrov named Guinea, Burkina Faso and Chad as countries where the Russian Federation is ready to provide assistance in counter-terrorist measures.
There is an embassy of Ukraine in the country |
| Republic of the Congo
Индекс голосований в ООН +1
136th place in “Democratic Index” № 153 по ИЧР
Head of inter-provincial-telestvennoy commission P. Sorokin (Minenergo) |
Regular contacts are supported at the highest level. In 2019, President D.Sassou-Ngesso visited Moscow, took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. Cooperation in energy, infrastructure, transport, humanitarian sphere, cooperation in the fight against Covid-19, regulation in Libya were discussed. In the composition of the Congolese government, 30% are graduates of Russian and former Soviet universities. The friendly nature of the relations between the two countries since 1964 is underlined. Сассу-Нгессо held the post of president in 1979-1992 and in 1997, he came to the USSR for the funeral of L. Brezhnev . The Republic of Congo is one of the top ten African countries in terms of the number of students studying in the Russian Federation. In March 2021, it became the 9th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. “Lukoil” together with Eni in 2018-2019 won the competition for the development of two fields.
S. Lavrov’s visit was held , which was hosted by D. Сассу-Нгессо . In June 2023, negotiations with V. Zelensky in Kiev and V. Putin in St. Petersburg were expected to be held together with the delegation of African countries , but as a result, the Republic of Congo was represented by the state minister – the director of the president’s cabinet. In March 2023, the visit of French President E. Macron took place . It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil prices will put the country in a winning position. In the initial reaction to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the country oriented itself towards the position of China. |
| Sudan
Index of votes in UN: 0
144th place in “Democratic Index” № 72 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии A. Kozlov |
President of the Council of Sovereignty of Sudan A. al -Burkhan participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, during the meeting with V. Putin he discussed regulation in Sudan, bilateral trade, cooperation in the development of the mineral-resource base.
Before the overthrow in 2019, there were contacts with President Omar Bashir, in November 2017 he visited Sochi. The agreement on cooperation in the nuclear region is valid . RF was engaged in the training of military personnel from Sudan. Since 2017, it has been reported about the presence of ХВК “Вагнер” in Sudan and subsequently about his possible participation in the revolution in favor of A. Burkhan . In 2018, there were publications about the transfer of a share in the future gold mining enterprise of Meroe to the Ministry of Mining Industry. Gold daughter company “M-Invest” E. Prigozhina . Sudan occupies the 3rd place after Ghana and South Africa by volume of gold mining in Africa. In 2020, an agreement was reached to establish a Russian naval base in Port Sudan, but then, under the pressure of the United States, these plans were suspended. In September 2022, S. Lavrov met with A. Burkhan in New York, and in February 2023, S. Lavrov visited Sudan. Until 2022, the share of Russia and Ukraine in the supply of wheat was, according to different estimates, from 35 to 70%. Sudan’s starting reaction in 2022 was estimated as partially pro-Russian. At the same time, the unstable internal political situation in Sudan does not allow him to take an active position on the international arena. There were also speculations about the possibility of interaction between the “Wagner” Central Committee and the armed opposition of the current regime, but E. Prigozhin refuted this information. There were reports that Russia and the UAE can sympathize with the detachments of Mohammed Hamdan Дагало , в то время как Египит – A. Burkhanu . |
| Uganda
Index of votes in UN: 0
99 place in “Democracy Index” № 166 по ИЧР
M.Parshin, Head of the Inter-governmental Commission ( Минцифры ) |
President Y. Museveni participated in the forum “Russia – Africa 2019”, at the meeting with V. Putin , cooperation in energy, mechanical engineering, geological exploration, construction, military-technical and financial spheres, railway development, certification of mineral resources deposits, establishment of a trading house were discussed. “Единство” компании для поставка российский товаров выход потребления, кредитование поставков Sukhoi Superjet . Uganda is a major buyer of Russian weapons. In March 2023, Y. Museveni expressed his high appreciation of Uganda’s cooperation in the defense sphere, and also emphasized the role of the USSR in helping Africa fight against colonialism.
Y. Museveni’s visit to the Petersburg Economic Forum in 2023 was expected and his participation in negotiations with the delegation of African countries with V. Zelensky in Kiev and V. Putin in Moscow, however, due to illness, he was replaced by special envoy, former Prime Minister R. Rugunda _ In July 2022, S. Lavrov’s visit took place (by Y. Museveni ), and in May 2023, a meeting of foreign ministers took place in Moscow. In February 2023, there was a telephone conversation between Y. Museveni and V. Zelensky . Указывалос на историки беложелательные онлайн с РФ In March 2023, Y. Museveni’s son , who announced his plans to participate in the presidential elections of 2026, declared his readiness to send Ugandan troops to protect Moscow in the event of an imperialist threat. In June 2023, Y. Museveni announced his readiness to support efforts to regulate the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. В 2022 из-за российско-украинского конфликт в Уганда произошел 2-кратный цене на удобрения. |
| Equatorial Guinea
Index of votes in UN: 0
158th place in “Democratic Index” № 145 по ИЧР
Average income – 649 dollars/month. |
President T. Obiang took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, at a separate meeting with V. Putin they discussed cooperation in TEK, agreements with “Lukoil” and ” Rosgeo “. In March 2022, there was a telephone conversation between the foreign ministers of the two countries, in September 2022 – their meeting in New York. In May 2023, the ambassador of Equatorial Guinea in Moscow spoke for the establishment of direct air communication with Russia. In July 2023, the Minister of Mining and Hydrocarbons spoke about the discussion of joint projects with the Russian Federation in the field of mineral extraction. Historically favorable relations between the two countries are noted in the background of tension between Equatorial Guinea and the European Union – especially after the oil boom of the 90s, which reduced dependence on France and Spain. При етом посольство РФ оставление (обязанности просол в Камероне)
It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil and gas prices will put the country in a winning position. In 2021, there were reports about the possibility of placing the military base of China – the first Chinese base in the Atlantic Ocean. USA and China compete for influence in the country. |
| ЮАР
Index of votes in UN: 0
45th place in “Democratic Index” № 109 по ИЧР
Average income – 1587 dollars/ month ,
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии A. Kozlov |
Between the Russian Federation and South Africa, there are regular contacts at the highest level. President S. Ramaphosa participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, held meetings with V. Putin in July 2018 (Johannesburg), June 2019 (Osaka), October 2019 (Sochi). In June 2023, S. Ramaphosa, as part of the delegation of African countries, participated in negotiations with V. Zelensky in Kiev and V. Putin in St. Petersburg, and also held a separate meeting with V. Putin . In March, June 2022, May, June 2023, they held telephone talks. Обсуждались торгово-економическое сообщение, борьба с ковидом, interaction within the framework of BRICS, delivery of Russian agricultural products and fertilizers, Ukraine. In August 2022, there was a telephone conversation between the ministers of foreign affairs, in September 2022 – a meeting in New York, in January 2023 during a visit to South Africa, S. Lavrov met with S. Ramaphosa . Russia engaged in the training of servicemen from South Africa. This is one of the four African countries where Russian trade missions operate. ЮАР is an active buyer of Russian wheat. В то же время не было противно использования вакцины “Спутник V “. Previously, the leadership of ЮАР tried to initiate a joint project with РФ for the construction of АЕС. “Ренова” purchased 49% of the shares of the United consortium Manganese of Kalahari for the development of manganese deposits.
The embassy of Ukraine works in the country. In May 2023, S. Ramaphosa had a telephone conversation with V. Zelensky . In May 2022, the visit of Chancellor of Germany O.Sholts , in August 2022 – Gossekretarya USA E.Blinken took place . The starting reaction of ЮАР to the Российско-украинский конфликт had a condescending character. The current government has psychological problems in relations with the United States, which for many years considered ANK a terrorist organization. At the same time, South Africa is mentioned as the largest trading partner of the United States and the recipient of Washington’s aid (its volume in 2020 was estimated at 1.1 billion dollars) – which is especially sensitive in the context of the complex economic situation in South Africa. In February 2023, South Africa held joint naval exercises with Russia and China off the coast of South Africa. In May 2023, the commander of the Southern Army visited Moscow. The US ambassador to South Africa declared that in December 2022, South Africa loaded ammunition on a Russian-flagged cargo ship at one of the naval bases. According to the confirmation of the South African side, Washington then apologized for his statement, and the foreign minister discussed these accusations with E. Blinken . S. Ramaphosa asked his security advisor and an independent judge to conduct an investigation. In May 2023, S. Ramaphosa expressed his disagreement with the fact that the neutral position of South Africa puts Russia higher than other countries. |
- Undetermined
| Angola
Индекс голосований в ООН: -1
109th place in “Democratic Index” № 148 по ИЧР
Average income – 63 dollars/month.
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии A. Kozlov |
President J. Lawrence took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, his meeting with V. Putin took place . Angola is considered a major buyer of Russian weapons. Входит в десятку стран Африки according to the number of students studying in the Russian Federation. In March 2021, Angola became the 7th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. Alrosa has been cooperating with Angola since 1993 in the field of diamond mining and hydropower . In the press, it was mentioned about the possibility of interaction with the Russian Central Committee. In April 2022, Zh. Lawrence had a telephone conversation with V. Putin , discussing cooperation in trade-economic and scientific-technical spheres, Ukraine. In January 2023, the visit of S. Lavrov took place , he was received by Zh. Lourensu .
The embassy of Ukraine works in the country. In October 2022, there was a telephone conversation between Zh. Lorensu and V. Zelensky . In May 2023, a meeting of foreign ministers of Ukraine and Angola took place in Abuja. In March 2023, the visit of French President E. Macron took place . The starting reaction had a bending character. Правительство Анголы программы к естантию огня. In the actions of Luanda, part of the observers saw a connection with the long experience of interaction with Moscow. In June 2023, the president of Angola said that he does not expect victory from either side, calling for urgent negotiations – although he condemned the actions of the Russian Federation. It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil and gas prices will put the country in a winning position. |
| Gabon
Index of votes in the UN: -2
118th place in “Democratic Index” № 112 по ИЧР |
Contacts at the highest level are periodically maintained between the countries. In July 2018, V. Putin met with President A. Ondimba in Moscow – they discussed trade, regulation in ЦАР, where a contingent from Gabon was present. Gabon was represented by Prime Minister N. Zhulyen at the Russia-Africa 2019 summit . In February 2021, it became the 4th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine (it was mentioned about partnership – but not exactly).
The embassy of Ukraine works in the country. Gabon’s starting reaction had a pro-Ukrainian character. At the same time, when voting on the UN resolution on April 7, 2022, about suspending the membership of the Russian Federation in the UN Human Rights Council, Gabon voted against it. In March 2023, the visit of French President E. Macron took place It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil prices will put the country in a winning position. |
| Guinea-Bissau
Индекс голосований в ООН: -1 № 177 по ИЧР
140th place in “Democratic Index”
|
Data on participation in the forum “Russia – Africa 2019” are absent Embalo took the post in February 2020.
In October 2022, S. Embalo held talks with V. Putin in Moscow and Zelensky in Kiev. In September 2022, he met S. Lavrov in New York. In July 2022, the visit of the French President E. Macron took place In the press, there were speculations about the possibility of the country’s interaction with the Russian Central Committee. In January 2023, the Ministry of Finance of Guinea-Bissau reported the readiness of the Russian Federation to write off the entire debt accumulated by Russia. |
| Egypt
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4
131 place in “Index of Democracy” № 97 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии D. Мантуров |
Regular bilateral contacts are maintained between the Russian Federation and Egypt. President A. As -Sisi participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit as co-chairman, in 2014-2019 he held regular meetings with V. Putin . Egypt is one of the largest buyers of Russian weapons and wheat.
Реализуется крупный контракт на строительство АЕС (according to SMI, 85% of the cost of 29 billion dollars is taken in credit from the Russian Federation). “Lukoil” was a participant in three large oil production projects. In 2017, “Rosneft” purchased from Eni 30% of the project to develop the Zor field . Egypt is one of the four African countries where Russian trade missions operate. In February 2021, it became the 6th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. In March 2022 and March 2023, V. Putin held telephone talks with A. As -Sisi, which discussed strategic partnership, projects in atomic energy and industry, supplies of Russian agricultural products, Ukraine. In July 2022, S. Lavrov’s visit took place (A. al-Sisi was received), and in February 2022, foreign ministers’ negotiations took place in New York. In March 2023, the visit of D. Manturov took place (by A. as -Sisi). Ожидался visit of A.as -Sisi at Петербургский экономический форум 2023 года, however, Prime Minister M.Madbuli came instead . In March 2022 and March 2023, telephone talks between A. As -Sisi and V. Zelensky took place . In June 2023, negotiations with V. Zelensky in Kiev and V. Putin in Saint-Petersburg were expected to be held together with the delegation of African countries , but Egypt was eventually represented by the Prime Minister. In November 2022, the international climate conference in Sharm el-Sheikh was attended by the President of the United States, D. Biden , the Prime Minister of Great Britain , R. Sunak , the Chancellor of Germany , O. Scholtz , the President of France, E. Macron , and the Prime Minister of India, N. Modi (also visited Egypt in June 2023). Egypt has the reputation of a large recipient of American military and economic aid. Until 2022, the share of Russia and Ukraine in the supply of wheat exceeded 70% . It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in gas prices will put the country in a winning position. Spring 2023 Washington The Post asserted that Egypt planned to secretly provide Russia with rockets and other weapons, but the White House denied this information. |
| Cameroon
Index of votes in UN: 0
140th place in “Democratic Index” № 151 по ИЧР |
Historically, contacts between countries were limited in nature. There are no mentions of meetings of the country’s leaders, information about contacts on the website of the Ministry of the Russian Federation is minimal.
In March 2021, it became the 14th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. 65% of the import of wheat, 17% (according to other data, 44%) of mineral fertilizers and 8% of hydrocarbons were accounted for by the Russian Federation. Ukraine occupied 35% of iron imports in Cameroon. “Lukoil” showed interest in field development in the country. Входит в десятку стран by the number of students studying in the Russian Federation. More significant partners of Cameroon were France and USA. However, in 2020, the United States cut military aid due to human rights issues. French President E. Macron visited Cameroon in July 2022. In the first months after the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, there was duality in the actions of Cameroon. In May 2022, the Minister of Defense visited Moscow, where he signed a 5-year cooperation agreement with S. Shoigu (according to the version of Yaounde, he talked about the extension of the previous agreement of 2015). В то же время по состанию на июнь 2022, the agreement was not directed to ratification in the parliament, more recent information on this account is missing. Another attempt to update the interaction between the two countries was made in May 2023, when it was announced that a friendly match between the two football teams would be held, but then Cameroon rejected such a proposal. In the summer of 2022, the authorities used the topic of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict to explain the rise in food prices and the restriction of the export of their own agricultural products to other countries. |
| Madagascar
Index of votes in the UN: -2
80th place in “Democratic Index” № 173 по ИЧР |
There are no regular contacts of heads of state. President A.Radzhoelina participated in the Russia-Africa 2019 summit, but there was no separate meeting with V.Putin .
In October 2018, the Deputy General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces was received by the Prime Minister of Madagascar, and a bilateral agreement on military cooperation was signed. It was reported about the possibility of cooperation of the “Wagner” CHVK and the possible participation of its representatives in the election campaign of A.Radzhoelina . The starting reaction in February 2022 was underlined neutral. However, the resignation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs in October 2022 was linked by the media to the dissatisfaction with the vote at the UN with the condemnation of the Russian Federation – it was claimed that these actions were not coordinated with the president and the prime minister. В то же время в феврале 2023, Madagascar again supported the UN resolution with the criticism of the Russian Federation. |
| Morocco
Index of votes in the UN: -2
95th place in “Democratic Index” № 123 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии D. Patrushev |
The latest mentions of V. Putin’s contacts with the King of Morocco, Mohammed VI, date back to 2016. The parties discussed cooperation in the field of development of investments, counterterrorism, protection of secret information, transport, ecology, tourism, humanitarian sphere, delivery of fruits, oranges, tomatoes to Russia, regulation in Western Sahara. Morocco is a major buyer of Russian weapons and is among the top ten African countries in terms of the number of students studying in the Russian Federation. Morocco – one of the four African countries where Russian trade missions operate. Prime Minister Al- Osmani participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. In March 2021, Morocco became the 11th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine.
In September 2022, a meeting of the foreign ministers of the Russian Federation and Morocco took place in New York, and their telephone conversations took place in March 2022 and March 2023. Since the country is not a producer of energy, the damage caused by the rise in the price of energy was reported. The Embassy of Ukraine works in Morocco. In April 2022, there was a telephone conversation between the foreign ministers of Ukraine and Morocco, in May 2023 – a visit by D. Kuleba (he was received by the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). In March 2023, V. Zelensky announced the withdrawal of the ambassador due to the lack of support for Ukraine from Morocco. February 26, 2022 MİD Morocco emphasized the commitment to the territorial integrity of all UN states. Упоминалось об частии офорны министра в седаниях групп “Ramstein”. In March 2022, the visit of the United States Secretary of State E. Blinken took place . In December 2022, it was reported that Morocco became the first African state to provide military aid to Ukraine – spare parts for T-72 tanks. Rabat did not comment on this information. Over time, Rabat moved from neutrality at the UN to supporting Ukraine. The negative reaction of Rabata was freed also by the death sentence issued in June 2022 for a captive citizen of Morocco in DPR. |
| Mozambique
Index of votes in UN: 0
117th place in “Democratic Index” № 185 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной Комисии Е.Петров (Роснедра) |
President F. Nyusi participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, held a meeting with V. Putin . In May 2023, the visit of S. Lavrov , who was received by F. Nyusi, took place . In May – June 2022, the visit of V. Matvienko took place . Традиционно участияся на исторический баложелательные онлайны с РФ “Rosneft” together with Exxon Mobil planned an exploration site in three locations.
Since 2018, there have been officially unconfirmed publications about the presence of ХВК “Вагнер”. In the critics’ publications, it was claimed that the ČVK suffered a military defeat and was forced to leave the country. In July 2022, there was a telephone conversation between F. Nyusi and V. Zelensky . In May 2023, D. Kuleba , who was visiting the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, was welcomed by F. Nyusi , and the opening of the Ukrainian embassy was announced. Mozambique declares that it does not support military actions, speaking for dialogue between the two countries. |
| Senegal
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 2
79th place in “Democratic Index” № 170 по ИЧР
Average income – 170 dollars/ month . |
President M. Sall met with V. Putin during the 2018 World Football Championship in Russia. He attended the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. In March 2022, there was a telephone conversation with V. Putin , and in June 2022 – an evening meeting in Sochi, where the fight against colonialism, trade, humanitarian relations, Ukraine, announced the readiness of the Russian Federation to help export Ukrainian grain (Senegal is one of the largest The world of grain consumers from Russia and Ukraine). During the contacts, it was mentioned about possible cooperation in fishing, Russia’s help in developing oil and gas fields. Senegal emphasized the role of France and the United States as traditional partners, pointing to the possibility of cooperation with China, Turkey, and the Russian Federation. In March 2022, the visit of R. Minnikhanov took place , in April 2023 – the Minister of Sport O. Matytsina , who was received by M. Sallom . In June 2023, M. Sall, as part of the delegation of African leaders, held talks with V. Zelensky in Kiev and V. Putin in St. Petersburg.
In April 2022, there was a telephone conversation between M. Salla and V. Zelensky . In October 2022, M. Sall visited Senegal with the visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, D. Kulebu . In May 2022, the visit of Chancellor of Germany O. Sholts took place . In 2022, the leadership of Senegal showed interest in the supply of oil and gas to Germany in case of development of shelf development projects. It was called a potential gainer from the decrease in the share of the Russian Federation in the European market due to the development of natural gas deposits in the country. Starting from Senegal, they expected more active support from Ukraine, but in general, the president’s statement as the head of the African Union was regarded as a call to preserve the territorial integrity of Ukraine. |
| Ethiopia
Индекс голосований в ООН +2
122 place in “Democracy Index” № 175 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной Комисии Е.Петров (Роснедра) |
Prime Minister A. Ahmed took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, his meeting with V. Putin took place . In April 2020, a telephone conversation was also held between them, during which they discussed privatization in the telecommunications sector and other industries, the fight against covid. Ethiopia is a major buyer of Russian weapons. An agreement on cooperation in the nuclear region has been signed between the countries. In July 2022, the visit of S. Lavrov took place (by the president S.-V. Zevde ), in September 2022, the foreign ministers of two countries met in New York. In the II quarter of 2023, the opening of the Russian trade office was planned.
There is an embassy of Ukraine in Ethiopia. In May 2023, the visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, D. Kuleby (by A. Ahmed ) took place. In March 2023, the visit of the United States Secretary of State E. Blinken , in March 2023 – the visit of the Chancellor of Germany O. Sholts . Ethiopia’s starting reaction had a evasive character. However, S. Lavrov’s visit was interpreted by the Ukrainian side as unsuccessful – he was not accepted by the prime minister and did not get the opportunity to speak at the headquarters of the African Union. |
| Southern Sudan
Index of votes in the UN: -2
№ 191 по ИЧР
|
President S. Kiir participated in the summit “Russia – Africa 2019” (without meeting with V. Putin ). Russian embassy is absent In September 2022, S. Lavrov met with Vice President H. Abdelbagi in New York .
In the spring of 2022, the World Food Organization suspended aid to 1.7 million residents of South Sudan (about a third of those in need) due to the need to help participants in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. At the end of February, South Sudan called Russia and Ukraine to cease fire. The economy of the country was vulnerable to the increase in the price of imported food and oil products. |
- Подчеркнуто нетуральные
| Namibia
Index of votes in UN: 0
58th place in “Democratic Index” № 139 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии Ю. Трутнев |
President H. Heingob took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, held a meeting with V. Putin . In March 2021, Namibia became the 13th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine.
Traditional policy of non-alignment. The element of appeal to history is present, since the ruling party of Namibia enjoyed the support of the USSR during the struggle for independence.
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| Tanzania
Index of votes in UN: 0
92 place in “Democracy Index” № 160 по ИЧР
Average income – 154 dollars/month. |
There is no stable communication between the first parties of two countries. Prime Minister K. Madzhaliva participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. He is an active buyer of Russian wheat.
The starting reaction in February 2022 had a declination character. In June 2023, it was reported about the possibility of a visit by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Dmitriy Kuleby , but this intention was not implemented. Unlike most African countries, Tanzania has become one of the beneficiaries of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict: coal exports have grown 7 times, port operations have revived, and budget revenues have grown. It was also assumed that Tanzania could strengthen its position in the helium supply market. Tanzania assumed that the rise in gas prices could bring investment to open a large gas field in the Indian Ocean. В то же время выросли цены на transport, сельхозпродукцию, был зафиксирован двукоратный цены на доброния. Until 2022, the share of Russia and Ukraine in the supply of wheat exceeded 70%. |
| Того
Индекс голосований в ООН: -1
130th place in “Democratic Index” № 162 по ИЧР |
President F. Gnassingbe took part in the Russia-Africa 2019 summit without a separate meeting with V. Putin , there are no high-level bilateral contacts. Russian Embassy is absent In April 2023, O. Matytsin visited the Minister of Sports of the Russian Federation .
The starting reaction was evasive in nature, emphasis was placed on the need to evacuate Africans from the combat zone and the importance of dialogue to achieve peace. |
| Esvatini
Index of votes in UN: 0
129th place in “Democratic Index” № 144 по ИЧР |
King Msvati III participated in the summit “Russia – Africa 2019” without a separate meeting with V. Putin . Russian Embassy is absent In January 2023, the visit of S. Lavrov , who was received by the Prime Minister and the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was announced, and the signing of agreements on trade, investment, agriculture, food safety, and energy was announced.
During the voting in the UN in March 2022, the authorities of Eswatini called on all members of the UN to work for a common goal – to encourage Russia and Ukraine to negotiate. |
- Potential drift away from the Russian Federation
| Benin
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
104th place in “Democratic Index” № 166 по ИЧР
Average income – 113 dollars/month. |
Two-way contacts are episodic. The last publicly mentioned communication is the congratulation of D. Medvedev to the president of Boni Yai in connection with the election of the president of the African Union on 10.02.12. President P. Telon participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, but there was no separate meeting with V. Putin .
Until 2022, the share of Russia and Ukraine in the supply of wheat exceeded 70%. Among the recent contacts – the visit of the delegation of Benin to Crimea in February 2018 and the visit of the head of the Ministry of Sport O. Matytsin in April 2023. Руководство Бенина шнунело публичных комментарии ситуация. However, E. Macron’s visit in July 2022 was considered as an element of attracting Benin to the side of the Western coalition (at the same time, assistance in combating terrorism, air support, training of defense and security forces was promised. |
| Botswana
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 3
32 place in “Democracy Index” № 117 по ИЧР
Average income – 498 dollars/month. |
Historical relations between Russia and Botswana were of a formal nature (participation of the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Petersburg Forum in 1919, visits in 2018 to the Russian Ministry of Defense, Justice and Security). Meetings at the highest level did not take place. Among the hypothetical spheres of interaction, the participation of Russian companies in the creation of the auto industry, agribusiness with the involvement of Russian technologies, education, and training of personnel were mentioned.
In 2022-2023, Botswana avoided public evaluations, but the previously announced visit of S. Lavrov did not take place, and on August 8, 2022, the President of Botswana held telephone talks with V. Zelensky . It was reported that Botswana called for a bilateral agreement that would allow Ukraine to join NATO, but prohibit the creation of NATO military bases on the country’s territory. Кроме того, Botswana was among the co-authors of the UN resolution ES -11/3. Contradictory economic consequences: it was reported that thanks to the increase in the price of diamond raw material, Botswana has restored its position as the leading diamond producer in the world market. |
| The Gambia
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4
102 place in “Democratic Index” № 174 по ИЧР |
There are no stable contacts between countries. President A. Barrow participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, however, a separate meeting with V. Putin did not take place. Russian embassy is absent
The Gambia was one of the co-authors of the UN resolution ES -11/3, its representatives declared solidarity with Ukraine and called for political dialogue and negotiations. In September 2022, A. Barrow called the pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict the reasons for slowing down the country’s economic growth, as a result of which GDP growth was 3.6% against 4.5% a year earlier, and revenue collection fell by 14% in the first months. The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the Gambian economy became one of the reasons for receiving a tranche from the IMF in June 2022. In July 2023, there was a telephone conversation between the foreign ministers of Gambia and Ukraine. Gambia’s foreign policy is heavily oriented towards Nigeria and Ghana. |
| Djibouti
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4
137th place in “Democratic Index” № 171 по ИЧР |
The tradition of bilateral contacts at the level of first-person contacts did not work. President I. Helle participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, however, a separate meeting with V. Putin was not held. In March 2021, it became the 8th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine.
Djibouti’s historically characteristic multi-vector foreign policy. The orientation of interaction with the USA is preserved, and the role of China, which opens a military base and is the main supplier of weapons, increases. On the territory of Djibouti there are also military bases of the USA, France and a group of soldiers from Japan. In 2022, there was a slowdown in the growth of Djibouti’s economy, which was linked to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, global inflation, severe drought and limited demand in Ethiopia. The share of Russia and Ukraine in the supply of wheat exceeded 70%. |
| DRC
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
179 place in “Democracy Index” № 153 по ИЧР |
President F. Chisekedi participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, during which he met with V. Putin , and discussed trade, Russia’s interest in cooperation in transport engineering and infrastructure. Russia first congratulated Chisekedi with victory on elections. Russia engaged in the training of military personnel from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In December 2022, the German press reported the arrival of a group of representatives of the “Wagner” CHVK to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to help fight the March 23 Movement.
ДРК was among the co-authors of UN resolution ES -11/3. In August 2022, F. Chisekedi had a telephone conversation with V. Zelensky . In August 2022, the visit of the US Secretary of State E. Blinken took place , in March 2023 – the French President E. Macron . In August 2022, DRC was named as one of the possible African mediators for the settlement of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, but it did not receive this information for further development. Until November 2022, there were 250 Ukrainian military personnel in the DRC as part of the UN mission. |
| Zambia
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
78th place in “Democratic Index” № 154 по ИЧР |
The Russian authorities maintained contacts at the highest level with President E. Lungu , who was defeated in the 2021 presidential elections. At the “Russia-Africa 2019” forum, Zambia was represented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Between the countries there is an agreement on cooperation in the nuclear area. In November 2022, a telephone conversation between the foreign ministers of two countries took place.
In August 2022, President H. Khichilema had a telephone conversation with V. Zelensky . In June 2023, H. Khichilema, together with the delegation of African countries, held talks with V. Zelensky in Kiev and V. Putin in Saint-Petersburg. Initially, Zambia took a neutral position, but pointed out that it condemns any form of war. In the fall of 2022, relations with Russia worsened after the death of a Zambian citizen, previously convicted of violating Russian legislation, in the combat zone. |
| Cape Verde
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
35th place in “Democratic Index” № 128 по ИЧР
Average income – 516 dollars/month. |
The involvement of Cape Verde in relations with Russia is traditionally low. In 2019, the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Trade visited Moscow. In 2020, Russia helped Cape Verde in the fight against the coronavirus. There were no first-person contacts. February 24, 2022 Prime Minister condemned the actions of the Russian Federation, called for solutions on diplomatic channels.
Российско-украинская повестка в большей дременно простовала как внутриполитический фактор. In June 2022, Cape Verde declared an extraordinary social and economic situation, explained by the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, pandemic and drought. Правительство оценивало езревычайные траты в 85 мл. in connection with the rise in the price of food and fuel. The country was also mentioned in publications about the transfer of Russian oil by tankers to the regions to the north of Cape Verde. |
| Коморы
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
120th place in “Democratic Index” № 156 по ИЧР |
There were no communications at the highest level between the heads of two countries. President A. Assumani participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit without a separate meeting with V. Putin . Russian embassy is absent In May 2023, there was a telephone conversation between S.Lavrova and A.Assumani .
A. Assumani had a telephone conversation with V. Zelensky , and then he met with D. Kuleboy during a visit to Ethiopia. In June 2023, A.Assumani took part in the African settlement mission, holding negotiations with V.Zelensky in Kiev and V.Putin in Saint-Petersburg together with the delegation of African countries. However, the road map proposed by A.Assumani freed confusion from V.Zelenskogo . |
| Lesotho
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 3
71 place in “Democratic Index” № 168 по ИЧР |
Contacts between the heads of the two states are not fixed, there is no information about participation in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. Functions of the embassy of the Russian Federation. In February 2019, the first ever visit of the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lesotho to the Russian Federation took place, and the negotiations of the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs took place in Sochi . |
| Livia
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
151 place in “Index of Democracy” № 104 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии Н. Шульгинов |
Ф. Al- Sarraj (post until 2021) took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. In 2021, there was a telephone conversation between V. Putin and the Chairman of the Government A. Dbeyboy . РФ занималась обучение военнеслужащих из Либия. In April 2021, Libya became the 18th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. Tatneft and Gazprom were present in the country. Zapadnye SMI reported about stay in 2018-2022 years up to 2 thousand. Participants of ЧВК “Вагнер”.
It was reported that the Russian Federation intends to improve relations with Prime Minister F. Bashagi , the Ministry of the Russian Federation and E. Prigozhin spoke with complimentary statements to his address. However, the expectations of rapprochement did not receive confirmation. At the end of February – the beginning of March 2022, the actions of the Russian Federation were condemned first by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and then by the Prime Minister of Libya. March 26, Ф. Башаги He met with the ambassador of Ukraine, who was one of the key suppliers of grain in Libya. According to experts, under the conditions of instability within the country, Libyan politicians are inclined to pragmatically use the international situation in their interests, avoiding clear commitments. It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil and gas prices will put the country in a winning position. |
| Mauritius
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
21st place in “Democratic Index” № 63 по ИЧР
Average income – 703 dollars/month. |
И.о. _ President P. Vyapuri took part in the “Russia-Africa” summit in November 2019, held a meeting with V. Putin (in December 2019, P. Ropun took office as president ). In March 2021, it became the 16th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. At the same time, the history of interaction between the two countries is small, in Soviet times, the relationship was cool.
The government called for peaceful regulation. Исторический Маврикий имеет репутию “pro-zapadno” oriented country. In March 2023, the government and opposition parties rejected the proposal of the Russian Federation to take part in the meeting of African parliamentarians in Moscow. Experts note the tightening of the position of Mauritius, which in 2008 abstained from voting at the UN to condemn the actions of the Russian Federation against Georgia. For Mauritius, there is also a significant appeal to international law and the UN within the framework of the territorial dispute with Great Britain over the control of the island of Chagos . |
| Mauritania
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4
108th place in “Democratic Index” № 158 по ИЧР |
There are no first-person contacts with Russia. In 2019, President M. Ghazuani took part in the “Russia-Africa” summit (bez separate meeting with V. Putin ).
S. Lavrov’s visit took place (by M. Ghazuani ). The head of the MID of Mauritania emphasized that he respects the norms of international law, although he understands Russia’s security concerns. S. Lavrov declared about attention to the politics of Mauritania in all directions. Moscow declared its readiness to support Mauritania in the fight against jihadism in the Sahel . In July 2022, an agreement on military cooperation was signed with the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Mauritania imports Russian wheat and fish products. Since the country is not a producer of energy, the damage caused by the rise in the price of energy was reported. NATO considers the question of creating a military base in Mauritania to fight terrorism in the Sahel . In June 2022, Mauritania was invited to the NATO summit in Madrid. In February 2022, Mauritania condemned the actions of the Russian Federation as contrary to the principles of the UN Charter. |
| Niger
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
112 place in “Democratic Index” № 189 по ИЧР |
First-person contacts are not fixed. There are no data on participation in the 2019 “Russia-Africa” summit. In September 2019, the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Niger visited Moscow, where he discussed the fight against terrorism, the situation in Mali and the Republic of Belarus, among the potentially promising areas were geological exploration, mining of mineral resources, and energy. In 2018, the delegation of Niger participated in the economic forum in Yalta. Russia engaged in the training of military personnel from Niger. In some publications, the interest of the “Wagner” CHVK was mentioned in creating a joint confederation of African states with the participation of Burkina Faso, Chad, Eritrea, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Sudan.
Russian Embassy is absent Niger adheres to the pro-Ukrainian position. Он был соавтором он резолюции ООН ES -11/3, 15.08.22 состоялся телефонный часовый предстанитель Мохаммед Базума с В. Зеленским . Problems for Niger became the increase in the price of mineral fertilizers, as well as the reorientation of a number of charitable funds to support Ukraine. In May 2022, the visit of Chancellor of Germany O. Sholts was held , and in March 2023 – the visit of the Secretary of State of the United States E. Blinken . The US military base is located on the territory of Niger. |
| Nigeria
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4
105th place in “Democratic Index” № 163 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии I. Fayzullin |
M. Buhari and V. Putin took place in Sochi . In 2023, B. Tinubu entered the post of president , also representing the Vseobschii progressive congress.
Nigeria is an active buyer of Russian wheat (the share of the Russian Federation is 20-30% of the total import volume). It is among the top ten countries in the number of students studying in the Russian Federation. Между странами п written agreement on cooperation in the nuclear region. Lukoil, together with Chevron, planned mining at one of the oil fields. In July 2021, it became the 19th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. There was interest in possible training from the Russian military for the fight against terrorism. In 2023, it is planned to open the Russian trade fair. There is an embassy of Ukraine in Nigeria. In May 2023, D. Kuleby , Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine , took part in the inauguration of B. Tinubu . 24 февраля 2022 МИД Нигерии refrained from condemning the actions of the Russian Federation, affirming that military strikes are carried out only on military objects. However, on February 26, Nigeria condemned the actions of the Russian Federation. In November 2022, President M. Buhari expressed alarm that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict allows weapons and militants to enter the Lake Chad region. Former President Olusegun Obasanjo (2006-2018) spoke with sharp criticism to the Russian Federation. Economists estimated the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis as negative for the food security of Nigeria, but they give potential opportunities for the fertilizer and energy market. Nigeria started construction of the Trans-Saharan gas pipeline together with Niger and Algeria in order to increase the supply of gas to the European market. Despite the large volumes of natural gas deposits, Nigeria has a shortage of infrastructure for its transportation. |
| Rwanda
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4
126th place in “Democratic Index” № 165 по ИЧР |
Periodic meetings were held between the heads of Russia and Rwanda (in June 2018 during the World Football Championship, in October 2019 during the “Russia-Africa” summit in Sochi). The agreement on cooperation in the nuclear region is valid. In 2013, Rwanda reopened its embassy in Moscow, which was closed due to financial difficulties in 1995.
D. Kuleby visited Rwanda and held negotiations with the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The opening of the Embassy of Ukraine in Rwanda was announced. In August 2022, the visit of the US Secretary of State E. Blinken took place . Rwanda did not have a strong dependence on Russia and Ukraine for food supplies, but the rise in the prices of products and gasoline became sensitive to it. В челом российско-украинский конфликт не играл большой роли в ментранционной повестке страны. In April 2023, President P. Kagame expressed the opinion that the West is trying to drag Africa into its own political problems, and suggested that Russia should be in Africa along with China and other countries. In separate publications, the cautiousness of Rwanda’s position was explained by the fact that it periodically commits military actions on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
| Sao Tome and Principe
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 3
№ 138 по ИЧР |
There is no tradition of stable contacts between countries. There is no information about participation in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. Information about bilateral cooperation on the site of the Ministry of the Russian Federation is minimal. Russian embassy is absent |
| Seychelles
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 6
№ 72 по ИЧР |
There is no information about Russian-Seychelian contacts at the highest level. President D.For participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit (without separate meeting with V.Putin ), but in 2020 he was defeated in the presidential elections.
In March 2021, Seychelles became the 15th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. В 2021 32 thousand Those who came from Russia were the main donors of the country’s tourism industry. |
| Somalia
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4 |
There are no high-level contacts of the heads of Russia and Somalia. President M. Mohammed participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, however, in 2022 he was defeated in the elections. The Embassy of the Russian Federation is absent (the ambassador in Djibouti is obliged to do so, diplomatic relations with the USSR were broken in 1977 due to Moscow’s support for Ethiopia in the conflict with Somalia). In May 2023, a meeting of foreign ministers of two countries took place in Moscow. The Russian Federation has declared its readiness to provide Somalia with military equipment for the fight against terrorism. In 2021, on the initiative of D.Trump, all US military forces were withdrawn from Somalia.
Somalia was seriously dependent on wheat supplies from Russia and Ukraine, it reported famine and the risk of loss of humanitarian aid from former international donors. |
| Sierra Leone
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
96th place in “Democratic Index” № 181 по ИЧР |
There is no contact information for the first persons of Russia and Sierra Leone. D.Bio , who held the position of president in 2018-2023 , participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, however, a separate meeting with V. Putin did not take place. Посольство РФ is absent In April 2023, a telephone conversation between the foreign ministers of two countries took place. D. Bio expressed optimism in connection with the peacekeeping mission of African countries in June 2023.
The country depended on wheat supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Protests and riots took place in August 2022 due to the price increase. In recent years, the country faced the Ebola fever, the coronavirus pandemic, the drop in raw material prices and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, which devalued the reputation of the country with the fastest growing economy south of the Sahara, which it had 10 years ago. |
| Tunisia
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 4
85th place in “Democratic Index” № 97 по ИЧР
Глава межправи-тельственной комисии A. Kotyakov |
There is no contact information at the first-person level. At the “Russia-Africa” summit, Tunis was represented by Prime Minister Yu. Shahed . Tunisia is among the top countries in the number of students studying in the Russian Federation. In January 2021, it became the 3rd African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. On January 30, 2023, there was a telephone conversation between the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and Tunisia. Tunisia imported 54% of wheat from Russia and Ukraine. Кроме того, Tunisia was dependent on Russian hydrocarbons and petroleum products.
There is an embassy of Ukraine in Tunisia. It was mentioned about the participation of the Tunisian defense minister in the meetings of the “Ramstein” group. In November 2022, the visit of French President E. Macron took place . In the press, there were reports of Tunisia’s hesitation in voting at the UN, but the decisive factor could be the negotiations with the IMF in the context of the multi-year economic crisis, aggravated by the consequences of the pandemic and the rise in energy prices. On the other hand, the pressure on Tunisia in order to occupy a more pro-Russian position could be exerted by Algeria |
| Chad
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 6
160th place in “Democratic Index” № 190 по ИЧР |
There is no information about the contacts of the first persons of Russia and Chad. President I. Debi took part in the “Russia-Africa” 2019 summit, but there was no separate meeting with V. Putin . After the death of I. Debi in 2021, his son M. Debi took the post of transitional president .
In June 2022, an emergency situation with food was declared in Chad, the supply of which was blocked from the Russian-Ukrainian conflict zone. It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil prices will put the country in a winning position. In the spring of 2023, there were reports in the American press about the attempt of the “Wagner” CHV to recruit Chadian rebels for training at the training ground in Tsara – it was assumed that the goal of this work could be the overthrow of the government of Chad. It was also confirmed that the United States shared this intelligence information with the leadership of Chad. In some publications, the interest of the “Wagner” CHVK was mentioned in creating a joint confederation of African states with the participation of Burkina Faso, Chad, Eritrea, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Sudan. During his visit to Mali, S. Lavrov named Guinea, Burkina Faso and Chad as countries where the Russian Federation is ready to provide assistance in counter-terrorist measures. |
- Maximum distance from the Russian Federation
| Ghana
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
63rd place in “Democratic Index” № 133 по ИЧР
Head of inter-provincial commission E.Petrov (Rosnedra) |
The tradition of contacts of leaders of two countries did not work out. President N. Akufo-Addo participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, however, a separate meeting with V. Putin did not take place. In 2019, Ghana imported 17% of potassium fertilizers from the Russian Federation, wheat supplies from the Russian Federation were small (Canada is the main seller). Заключено соглашено о котрадничестве в нейровной область. In February 2021, Ghana became the 5th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. Ghana imported 60% of iron ore from Ukraine. “Lukoil” showed interest in field development in the country.
The start reaction had a strongly pro-Ukrainian character. February 25, 2022 МИД issued a condemnation of the actions of the Russian Federation. N. Akufo-Addo declared that Ghana will always stand up against the great powers that attack the small nations. On August 10, 2022, there was a telephone conversation between N. Akufo-Addo and V. Zelensky . In October 2022, the visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, D. Kuleby , was held , which was received by N. Akufo-Addo . It was assumed that in 2022, the rise in oil prices will put the country in a winning position. In June 2022, there were protests in Ghana due to the rise in prices and taxes, which were connected to the pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. |
| Kenya
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 5
94th place in “Democratic Index” № 152 по ИЧР |
President U. Kenyatta took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, met with V. Putin . In 2021, Kenya became the 12th African country to register the “Sputnik V ” vaccine. In 2022, William Ruto , who previously held the post of vice president, was elected as the new president .
In May 2023, during the visit of S. Lavrov, he was received by U. Ruto . At the same time, U. Ruto held telephone talks with V. Zelensky in September 2022 and January 2023, D. Kuleby visited Kenya in October 2022 , the embassy of Ukraine works in the country. In 2020, the US air force base located in Kenya was attacked by Islamists. In 2021, Kenya imported almost 30% of wheat from Russia and Ukraine. In the middle of 2022, a 2-fold increase in the price of fertilizers was recorded. In general, Kenya has the reputation of a country that has a friendly position with Ukraine. Упоминалось об частии офорны министра в седаниях групп “Ramstein”. Визит в 2023 году С.Лаврова был принят как сибедительно можной корекционый политики Киии, можно таких иктивные на дожды день не зафиксировано. |
| Ivory Coast
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 6
106th place in “Democratic Index” № 159 по ИЧР
|
Kontakty с Россией historically had a limited character. In July 2019, during the visit of the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Moscow, cooperation in agriculture, alternative energy, and household waste processing was discussed. Входит в десятку стран by the number of students studying in the Russian Federation.
However, there is no information about participation in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. There was a high dependence on supplies of wheat, sunflower, and fertilizers from Russia and Ukraine. The start reaction in February 2022 had a pronounced pro-Ukrainian character. In July 2022, President Alassan Uattari had a telephone conversation with V. Zelensky . In October 2022, the visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Dmitriy Kuleba (was accepted by the vice-president). Kontakty с Россией was limited to discussing the possibility of a match between the national soccer teams in spring 2023, but Côte d’Ivoire later refused. In the press, there were statements about the possible interaction with Russia of Laurent Gbagbo (president in 2000-2011), who lost power under the pressure of Western countries and appeared before the international court in The Hague (justified in 2019). |
| Liberia
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 6
86th place in “Democratic Index” № 178 по ИЧР
|
There are no contacts between the heads of Liberia and the Russian Federation. Vice President D.Taylor took part in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit. Russian embassy is absent In foreign policy, Liberia is historically focused on the United States.
Liberia was one of the co-authors of UN resolution ES -11/3. 25.02.22 The government of Liberia declared the unacceptability of the actions of the Russian Federation, this position was confirmed at the UN General Assembly in September 2022. 25.05.22 telephonic conversation between the President George Vea and V. Zelensky was held . Упоминалось об частии офорны министра в седаниях групп “Ramstein”. In August 2022, the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liberia spoke at the “Crimean Platform” summit organized by Ukraine. Former President Ellen Johnson- Sirleaf (2006-2018) spoke with sharp criticism to the Russian Federation. There is political uncertainty in the country due to the upcoming presidential elections in October. Lack of food and rising prices have already led to protest actions in the country. |
| Malawi
Индекс голосований в ООН: – 6
76th place in “Democratic Index” № 169 по ИЧР |
There were no regular contacts at the first-person level. The information about the interaction on the site of the Ministry of the Russian Federation is minimal and is limited to the provision of humanitarian aid by the WHO. President Peter Mutharika participated in the “Russia-Africa 2019” summit, but the following year he suffered defeat in the elections. Российское посольство в стране is absent
February 26, 2022 President L. Chakvera invited the Russian Federation to withdraw troops from the territory of Ukraine. On March 1, a similar position was announced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Malawi was among the co-authors of UN resolution ES -11/3. On August 5, 2022, a telephone conversation was held with President Lazarus Чакверы с В. Зеленским At the beginning of 2023, it was reported about the free delivery of 20 thousand of the Russian Federation to Malawi. tons of fertilizers It was assumed that this might influence the country’s position. However, no changes were recorded. |
Application
Below are the results of the first attempt to analyze the relations of the Russian Federation with African countries in 2017. Although its results were not published, we considered it correct to present these data, which allow us to see the situation in dynamics.
Rating of the intensity and quality of relations between Russia and Africa in 2017 (5 – maximum rating, 0 – minimum)
| Assessment | Intensivnost relations | Quality of relationship |
| 5 | Algeria, Morocco, Namibia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, ЯАР | |
| 4 | Morocco , ЯАР | Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Kenya, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritius, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, San -Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Uganda, Chad |
| 3 | Algeria, Guinea, Egypt, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Sudan, Tunisia | Benin, Egypt, Liberia, Livia, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, South Sudan |
| 2 | Angola, Botswana, Gabon, Ghana, DRK, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Congo, Liberia, Libya, Mozambique, Niger, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia | Somalia |
| 1 | Benin, Burkina-Faso, Burundi, Guinea-Bissau, Djibouti, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Mauritius, Mauritius, Madagascar, Mali, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Senegal, Somalia, ЦАР, Chad , Southern Sudan | |
| 0 | Gambia, Comoros Islands, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Togo, Eritrea | Burundi, Gambia, Comoros Islands, Lesotho, Mauritania, Malawi, Rwanda, Swaziland, Togo, ЦАР, Eritrea |
[1]Индекс голосования в ООН сладываться из нализация 5 голосования по резолционам с критикой радион РФ. +1 point is counted in the case of each vote against the resolution, -1 point – in the case of voting for the resolution.
List of resolutions:
ES -11/1 from March 2, 2022
ES -11/2 от 24 мар
ES -11/3
ES -11/4
ES -11/5
ES -11/6
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